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Falklands War

Pre-conflict period
Main article: Events leading to the Falklands War
In the run- to war, and especially after the transfer of power between the military dictators, General Jorge Rafael Videla and General Roberto Eduardo Viola at the end of March 1981, Argentina has been in the midst of a devastating economic crisis and large-scale civil unrest against the military junta that had been ruling the country since 1976. In December 1981 there was a new change in the Argentine military regime bring to the office of a new junta headed by General Leopoldo Galtieri (chairman), Brigadier Basilio Lami Dozo and Admiral Jorge Anaya. Anaya would be the principal architect and defender of a military solution to long-standing claim over the islands, the calculation that the United Kingdom would not respond militarily. Thus Galtieri's government expects to mobilize long the patriotic feelings of the Argentines towards the islands and to direct the public attention from the country's chronic economic problems and the regime of human rights violations in progress. This will also strengthen declining legitimacy. The newspaper La Prensa speculated in a step by step plan to cut off supplies from the islands, which end in direct actions at the end of 1982, if the talks UN were unsuccessful.
The continuing tension between the two countries over the islands increased on 19 March when a group of hired Argentinian scrap metal merchants Argentina raised the flag on South Georgia, an act which later be seen as the first offensive action in the war. The military junta in Argentina, suspecting that the United Kingdom reinforce its South Atlantic Forces, ordered the invasion of the Falkland Islands to be brought forward to April 2.
Admiral Jorge Anaya
Britain was initially taken by surprise by the Argentine attack on the South Atlantic islands, despite repeated warnings by the Royal Navy captain Nicholas Barker and others. Barker believes that the intent expressed in 1981 Defense Secretary John Nott review to remove the Royal Navy ship HMS Endurance, Britain's only naval presence in the South Atlantic sent a signal to the Argentinians that Britain was not ready, and would soon be unable to defend their territories and subjects in the Falklands.
War
The invasion of Argentina
Main article: 1982 invasion of the Falkland Islands
Main article: Invasion of South Georgia
On 2 April 1982, Argentine forces mounted amphibious landings on the Falkland Islands following the civil occupation of South Georgia on March 19 before the Falklands War began. The invasion met a nominal defense organized by the Falkland Islands' Governor Sir Rex Hunt command given to Major Mike Norman of the Royal Marines, landing of Lieutenant Commander Guillermo Sanchez-Sabarots' Amphibious Group Command, the attack on barracks at Moody Brook, the engagement between troops and Trollope Hugo Santillan Stanley bill, and the final commitment and delivery to the Government House.
The initial response to the British invasion
HMS Invincible was part of the working group.
Word of the invasion apparently first came to Britain via ham radio.
The recapture of the Falkland Islands was a challenge: the main obstacle was the disparity in coverage deployment air (the British Harrier aircraft with 34 against Argentina 220 combat aircraft). U.S. Navy considered a successful fight against the invasion by the British to be "a military impossibility." The United States initially tried to mediate an end to the conflict. However, when Argentina rejected U.S. peace overtures, USA Secretary of State Alexander Haig, announced that U.S. bans arms sales to Argentina and providing material support to British operations. Both Houses of Congress adopted resolutions in support of the lining of U.S. action with the United Kingdom.
In mid-April, the Royal Air Force had established a Wideawake airbase in the mid-Atlantic territory British overseas island of Ascension including a considerable force of Avro Vulcan B Mk 2 bombers Handley Page Victor K Mk 2 refueling aircraft, and McDonnell Douglas Phantom FGR Mk 2 fighters to protect them. While Thus, the main British naval task force arrived at Ascension to prepare for active service. A small force had been sent south to recover South Georgia.
Meetings began in April, the British Task Force was shadowed by Boeing 707 Air Force Argentina during their journey south map of the FAA. Several of these flights were intercepted by BAE Sea Harrier outside the British exclusion zone was imposed, the 707 weapons were not attacked because diplomatic moves still ongoing and the United Kingdom had not yet decided to commit to armed force. On 23 April a Brazilian commercial Douglas DC-10 on the airline VARIG road to South Africa was intercepted by British Harrier visually identify the civilian plane.
Recapture of South Georgia and the attack on Santa Fe
The strength of Georgia South Paraquet Operation under the command of Major Guy Sheridan RM, consisted of 42 Marines Commando, a troop of Special Air Service (SAS) and Special Boat Service (SBS), the troops that were destined to land as reconnaissance forces for an invasion of the Royal Marines. All embarked on the RFA Tidespring. Churchill Race was the class submarine HMS Conqueror on 19 April and the island was more hype for a radar mapping Handley Page Victor on 20 April.
The first landing of troops SAS took place on April 21, butith southern hemisphere autumn setting inherent weather was so bad that their landings and others made the following day were removed all after two helicopters crashed in fog on Fortuna Glacier. On April 23, a submarine alert sounded and operations were suspended, with the Tidespring be removed to deeper waters to avoid interception. On April 24, British forces regrouped and headed to attack.
On April 25, after resupply of the garrison of Argentina in South Georgia, the submarine ARA Santa Fe was discovered on the surface by a Westland Wessex HAS Mk 3 helicopter from HMS Antrim, who attacked the Argentine submarine with depth charges. HMS Plymouth launched a Westland Wasp helicopter HAS.Mk.1, and HMS Brilliant launched a Westland Lynx HAS Mk 2. Lynx launched a torpedo, and strafed the submarine with its mounting pin general purpose machine gun, Wessex also fired at the Santa Fe with his GPMG. The Wasp from HMS Plymouth as well as two other Wasps launched from HMS Endurance anti-ship missiles fired ASM-12 on the submarine, scoring hits. Santa Fe was badly damaged enough to prevent to dive. The crew abandoned the submarine at the dock at King Edward Point on South Georgia.
With Tidespring now far into the sea and the Argentine forces increased by the crew of the submarine, the commander Sheridan decided to gather the 76 men who had and make a direct assault on that day. After a short march forced by British troops, the Argentine forces surrendered without resistance. The message sent by the navel force in South Georgia to London was "pleased to inform Your Majesty that the White Ensign flies alongside the Union Jack in South Georgia. God Save the Queen ". Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher broke the news to the media, saying that "only rejoice at the news!"
Black Buck raids
Main article: Operation Black Buck
RAF Avro Vulcan B.Mk.2 strategic bomber.
On 1 May the British operations in the Falklands was opened with the "Black Buck" attack (of a series of five) Stanley airfield. The overall effect of the raids in the war is difficult to determine, and incursions consume valuable oil resources. The raids did damage minimum track and damage to the radar was repaired quickly. Usually dismissed as propaganda after the war, Argentine sources originally the source of Vulcan raids credits influenced Argentina to withdraw some of its Mirage IIIs of southern Argentina to the Buenos Aires zone defense. This deterrent effect is diluted but down when British officials made clear that there would be no attacks on air bases in Argentina.
Of the five Black Buck attacks, three were against from Stanley Airfield, with the other two anti-radar missions using Shrike anti-radiation missiles.
Escalating air war
Royal Navy Air Fleet Sea Harrier FRS1 arm. The flamboyant paint scheme was changed to an opaque one way South.
The Falklands had only three airfields. The track longer and was paved only in the capital, Stanley, and even that was too short to support fast streams. Therefore, the Argentines were forced to throw their attacks on the continent, severely hampering their efforts to forward staging, combat air patrols and close air support on the islands. The loiter time effective input Argentine aircraft was low, and later were forced to fly the British forces in any attempt to attack the islands.
The first Argentina greatest strike force of 36 aircraft (McDonnell Douglas A-4 Skyhawks, Israel Aircraft Industries daggers, English Electric Canberra B MK 62 and Dassault Mirage escorts III), and was sent on May 1, in the belief that the British invasion was imminent or landings had taken place. Only a section of Group 6 (flying aircraft IAI Dagger) found ships which were firing in defense Argentina near the islands. The Daggers managed to attack the ships and return safely. This great moral boost for pilots Argentines, who now knew he could survive an attack against modern warships, protected by ground radar clutter Islands and using a late emerging profile.
Meanwhile, other Argentine aircraft were intercepted by BAE Sea Harrier operating from HMS Invincible. A dagger and Canberra were shot down.
Air Force Argentina IIIEA Mirage. Their inability refueling stops are used effectively in the islands in the air-air role.
Fighting broke out between Sea Harrier FRS Mk 1 No. 801 Naval Air Squadron fighters and Mirage III fighters of Grupo 8. Both sides refused to fight in the other is best altitude, until the two finally fell Mirage to participate. One of them was shot down by a missile AIM-9L Sidewinder air-air (AAM), while the other escaped, but was damaged and without enough fuel to return to base Air China mainland. The plane made by Stanley, where he was the victim of "friendly fire" from the Argentine defenders.
As a result of this experience, Argentine Air Force staff decided to use 1-4 Skyhawks and Daggers to strike only as units, the Canberra only at night, and Mirage IIIs (without capacity refueling or able AAM) as bait to lure away the British Sea Harrier. The decoys would be expanded later with the formation Phoenix Squadron, a squadron of civilian aircraft flying 24 hours a day, simulating strike aircraft preparing to attack the fleet. In one of these flights, Air Force Learjet was shot down, killing the squadron commander, Vice Commodore Rodolfo De La Colina, the senior Argentine official to die in war.
A Royal Navy Helicopter Squadron Sea King rescue Ldr Jerry Pook, after he was forced to rescue the sea. His Harrier GR3 was hit by fire of land west of Stanley on May 30.
Stanley was used as a support to Argentina throughout the conflict. Despite the Black Buck raids Harrier airfield Stanley (not fast jets were stationed there for air defense) and at night the bombing of individual ships, never been out of action altogether. Stanley was defended by a mixture of ground-air missile (SAM) systems (Franco-German Roland and Tigercat UK) and Switzerland, built 35 mm Oerlikon anti-aircraft guns doubles. Lockheed Hercules transport night flights brought supplies, weapons, vehicles and fuel, and airlifted the injured to the end of the conflict. The RN Sea Harriers few were considered too valuable to-day risk in blocking operations at night, and Blue Fox radar was not an effective look down on earth radar.
The only Argentine Hercules shot down by the British missed the June 1, when the TC-63 was intercepted by a Sea Harrier in the light of day when went in search of the British fleet to the northeast of the islands after Argentina Navy retired the last SP-2H Neptune, due to the defection of airframes.
Several options to attack the headquarters of the Etendards five Argentines in Rio Grande were examined and discounts (Operation Mikado), then five Royal Navy submarines lined up, submerged on the edge of Argentina 12-mile territorial limit to provide early warning of the bombing of the British task force
Sinking of Belgrano
See also: Sinking of the ARA General Belgrano
The ARA General Belgrano sinking.
Two separate British naval task forces (surface ships and submarines) and fleet Argentina operating in the area of the Falklands, and soon came into conflict. The loss was the first naval World War II, Argentina era light cruiser ARA General Belgrano. The submarine nuclear-powered HMS Conqueror sank Belgrano on 2 May. Three hundred twenty-three members of the Belgrano crew died in the incident. More than 700 men were rescued from the open sea despite cold seas and storm. Belgrano losses was slightly more than half of Argentine deaths in the Falklands conflict and the loss of the ARA General Belgrano hardened the stance of the Argentine government.
Regardless of controversies over the wreck, which had a crucial strategic effect: the elimination of Argentine naval threat. After his loss, Argentina whole fleet, with the exception of the conventional submarine ARA San Luis, returned to port and did not leave again for the duration of hostilities. The two escorting destroyers and the battle group centered on the aircraft carrier ARA Twenty-five of Mayo, both retired in the area, ending the direct threat to the British fleet had its pincer movement represented.
In a separate incident later that night, British forces hired a patrol gunboat Argentina, the ARA Alferez Sobral. At that time, the lieutenant Sobral was looking for the crew of Air Force bomber English Electric Canberra light Argentina knocked on 1 May. Two Royal Navy Lynx fired four Sea Skua missiles against them. Badly damaged and with eight crew dead the Sobral made it back to Puerto Deseado two days later, but the Canberra crew were never found.
Initial reports that combined the two incidents, This contributes to confusion about the number of casualties and the identity of the ship that sank. The British tabloid The Sun was the first reports of the attack with the title of "Gotcha." This first edition was published before the news became known that the Belgrano had been sunk in reality (Reporting place wrongly, that the warship had sunk) and had no reports of actual deaths Argentina. The title was replaced in later editions by a little tempered "Did Argies 1200 drowning?".
Sinking of HMS Sheffield
See also: Sinking of HMS Sheffield
French built Super Etendard Argentina Naval Aviation.
On May 4, two days after the sinking of the Belgrano, the British lost the Type 42 destroyer HMS Sheffield fire after an Exocet missile strike. Sheffield had been ordered forward with two other 42s to provide a long-range radar and missiles picket medium-high altitude far from British companies. She hit amidships, with devastating effect, ultimately killing 20 crew members and seriously injured 24 others. The ship was abandoned hours later, gutted and deformed by the fires continued to burn for another six days. She finally sank outside Maritime Zone of exclusion on 10 May.
The incident is described in detail by Admiral Sandy Woodward in his book One Hundred Days, Chapter One. Woodward was a former commanding officer of Sheffield.
The tempo of operations increased during the second half of May, United Nations attempts to mediate peace were rejected by British, who felt that any delay would be impractical to campaign in the South Atlantic storms. The destruction of Sheffield had a profound impact on British public, bringing home the fact that the Falklands Crisis, "according to BBC News said, was now a real" fire war ".
SAS operations
British propaganda leaflet intended for Argentine soldiers dropped during the Falkland Islands War. Titled "Islands of the damned, "he warns Argentina warships and aircraft shall not enter into the exclusion zone of the Falkland Islands.
Given the threat to the British fleet posed by the combination-Etendard Exocet, plans were made to use the Special Air Service troops to attack the headquarters of the Etendards five in Rio Grande, Tierra del Fuego. The operation was code named "Mikado." The aim was to destroy the missiles and aircraft that took them, and kill the pilots in their quarters. Two plans prepared and assayed before: a landing about fifty-five SAS in two C-130 Hercules aircraft directly in the track of the Rio Grande, and infiltration SAS twenty-four inflatable boats brought within a few miles from the coast by submarine. Neither plan was implemented, the plan of assault in the air before it attracted considerable hostility Some members of the SAS, which considered the proposed attack a suicide mission. Ironically, the area of Rio Grande would be defended by four battalions of the whole Marine force of Argentina Marine Argentina Navy, some of whose officers were trained in the UK for years SBS earlier.
After the war, Argentina Marine commanders admitted they were expecting some sort of landing SAS forces, but did not expect Hercules to land directly in their tracks, even though they have carried out the British forces, even in Chilean territory if attacked.
A reconnaissance team SAS was sent to carry out preparations for an infiltration by sea. A Westland Sea King helicopter carrying the team took off from HMS Invincible assigned on the night of May 17, but bad weather forced to land 50 miles (80 kilometers) from its target, and the mission was aborted. The pilot flew to Chile and dropped outside the SAS team, before setting fire to his helicopter and surrendering to the Chilean authorities. The discovery that the helicopter burned attracted international attention considerable time.
On 14 May, the SAS carried out the raid on Pebble Island in the Falkland Islands, Argentina where the Navy had taken over an airstrip grass FMA IA 58 light aircraft Pucara ground attack and T-34 Mentor. The attack destroyed the plane there.
Landing at San Carlos Alley pump
Article Home: Operation Sutton
Context of landings in the Falklands.
San Carlos, landing sites.
An Air Force A-4C Skyhawk Argentina flying to the islands.
Door guard painted with the colors of the last A-4Q Argentina Navy to attack the HMS Ardent. The pilot Lieutenant Marcelo Gustavo Marquez was killed in action.
During the night of May 21 the British Amphibious Task Group under the command of Commodore Michael Clapp (Commodore, Amphibious Warfare – COMAW) mounted Operation Sutton, the amphibious landing on the beaches around San Carlos Water, on the northwest coast of East Falkland Sound Falkland faces. The bay, known as bomb alley by British forces, was the scene of repeated air strikes by low-flying Argentine aircraft.
The 4,000 men from three Commando Brigade were put on earth as follows: 2 nd Battalion of the Parachute Regiment (2 paragraph) of the RORO ferry Norland and 40 Commando (Royal Marines) from the amphibious ship HMS Fearless were landed in San Carlos (Blue Beach), paragraph 3 of the amphibious ship HMS Intrepid, landed at the Port of San Carlos (Green Beach) and 45 Commando were landed RFA Stromness at Ajax Bay (Red Beach). Note that the waves of 8 and LCUs LCVPs 8 were led by Major Ewen Southby-Tailyour who had commanded the detachment Malvinas one year before. 42 Commando on the liner SS Canberra a tactical reserve. Units of the Royal Artillery, Royal Engineers and tanks etc. were also grounded to the spacecraft landing, the Round Table class and barges mexeflote LSL. Tweezers fenced launchers carried as cargo de los Reyes del Mar for rapid deployment.
At dawn next day it had established a beachhead sure to conduct offensive operations. From there Brigadier Thompson's plan was to capture Darwin and Goose Green before turning towards Port Stanley. Now, with British troops on the ground, the Air Force Argentina began the night bombing campaign against using aircraft Canberra bombers until the last day of the war (June 14).
At sea, the shortage of British ships defenses against aircraft was shown in the sinking HMS Ardent on 21 May, HMS Antelope on May 21 and MV Atlantic Conveyor (hit by two Exocet AM39) on May 25 with a vital cargo of helicopters, track team building and tents. The loss of all but one of the Chinook helicopter that is carried by the Atlantic Conveyor was a severe blow from a logistics. He also lost on this day was HMS Coventry, a sister to HMS Sheffield, whilst in the company of HMS Broadsword after being ordered to act as a decoy to draw Argentine aircraft from other boats in San Carlos Bay. HMS Argonaut and HMS Brilliant were badly damaged. However, many British ships suffered no damage from the terminal bombing tactics of the Argentine pilots.
To avoid the highest concentration of British air defenses, Argentine pilots launched artifacts very low altitude, so their fuses pumps do not have enough time to arm before impact. The announcement of a reduction in pumps delay (some of which had been sold to Argentina by the British years earlier) meant that many never exploded, as there was insufficient time in the air to be armed. A simple free-fall bomb will, in a statement of low height, the impact almost directly below the aircraft then in the area of fragmentation lethality of the resulting explosion. A bomb has delayed a small parachute or air brakes can be opened to reduce pump speed to produce a safe separation between the two. The fuse of a bomb requires a minimum time delay during which the retarder is open to ensure safe separation. The pilots would have noticed this, but due to high concentration levels needed to avoid SAM and AAA, and any British Sea Harriers were not called up to the launch site necessary. The problem was solved by the improvised fitting of delay, allowing low-level bombing attacks as employed on 8 June.
In his account autobiography of the Falklands War, Admiral Woodward blames the BBC World Service for these changes to the pumps. The World Service reported the lack of explosions after to receive a briefing on the subject of a Defense Ministry official. He describes the BBC as being more concerned with being "fearless seekers of truth" that the life of the British military. 'H' Colonel. Jones leveled similar accusations against the BBC after they disclosed the impending British attack on Meadow Goose by 2 Para. Jones had threatened to take the prosecution of senior BBC officials for treason, but could not because he himself was killed in action around Goose Green.
Thirteen bombs hit British ships without detonating. Mr. Craig, the quarterback retired Royal Air Force, is said to have remarked: "A two fuses better [sic] and that have been lost, although burning and antelope were lost despite the failure of the bombs to explode. detonators were working correctly, and the bombs were released just a height too low. The Argentines lost 22 aircraft in the attacks.
Battle of Goose Green
Island Soledad showing bridgehead San Carlos, Teal Inlet, Mt Kent and Mt Challenger.
Main article: Battle of Goose Green
From the beginning on 27 May until 28 May, 2 Para, (approximately 500 men) with the support of artillery fire from the battery 8 (Alma) Commando (Royal Artillery), approached and attacked Darwin and Goose Green, which was carried out by Argentina on 12 Infantry Regiment. After a fierce battle that lasted all night and the next day, 17 British and 47 Argentine soldiers were killed. In total, 961 Argentine soldiers (including 202 Argentine Air Force personnel at the aerodrome Condor) were made prisoners.
The BBC announced the taking of Goose Green in the BBC World Service before it actually happened. It was during this attack that Lieutenant Colonel H. Jones, the officer in command of 2 Para was killed while charging in Argentina well prepared positions in front of his battalion. He was posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross.
With considerable force Argentina at Goose Green out of the way British forces were now able to leave the bridgehead San Carlos. On May 27, men of 45 Cdo and 3 Para started charging a march across East Falkland towards the coastal settlement of Teal Inlet.
Special Forces Kent Monte
Meanwhile, 42 Commando ready to move in by helicopter to Mount Kent. Unknown to senior British officials, the Argentine generals were determined to tie the troops British in the area of Mount Kent, and on May 27 and May 28 were sent transport planes loaded with torch-to-air missiles and commands (602nd Commando Company and 601 National Gendarmerie Special Forces Squadron) to Stanley. This operation was known as Operation Self-imposed (self-determination initiative.)
To next week, the Special Air Service (SAS) and Mountain and Arctic War of 3 Commando Brigade Cadre fought intense battles with patrol patrol volunteers Great Company 602nd Command Aldo Rico, usually 2iC of the 22 th Mountain Infantry Regiment. Through May 30, the Royal Air Force Harriers were active in the Mount Kent. One Harrier XZ 963 flown by Squadron Leader Jerry Pook in response to a request for assistance from D Squadron, attacked east of Mount Kent lower slopes, and that led to its loss by small arms fire. Pook was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross.
Argentine soldiers entrenched.
Argentina Navy uses his latest attempt AM39 Exocet missile attack on HMS Invincible on May 30. There are allegations of the missiles hit, though the British have denied this, some say the HMS Avenger cannon.
On 31 May, the Royal Marines Mountain Warfare Cadre and the Arctic (M & AWC) defeated Argentina Special Forces at the Battle of Top Malo House. A 13 effective detachment Argentine Army Command (Section One of Captain Joseph Vercesi Assault, 602nd Command Company) was trapped in the house of a pastor in the Top Malo small. Argentine commands fired from windows and doors and then took refuge in a bed of a stream 200 meters (700 feet) from the burning house. Completely surrounded, the Marines fought 19 M & AWC under Captain Rod Boswell for forty-five minutes until, with their ammunition nearly exhausted, chose to surrender.
Three members of the Cadre were seriously injured. In the Argentine side there were two dead, including Lt. Ernesto Espinoza and Sergeant Matthew Sbert (which were decorated for bravery). Only five Argentines were unharmed. As the British wiped Top Malo House, Hill came down Malo Lieutenant Fraser M Haddad and AWC patrol, waving a large flag of the Union. Argentina wounded soldier, Lieutenant Horacio Losito, commented that their escape route would carried through the position of Haddad.
Major Mario Castagneto commands six hundred and first tried to move on Kawasaki motorcycles and Land Rover to rescue commanded 602nd Commando Company Mountain Ranch. Spotted by 42 Commando Royal Marines, who were committed to 81 mm mortars and forced to retreat to the mountains Dos Hermanas. Captain Eduardo In Mountain Ranch Villarruel realized his position had become untenable and after conferring with his fellow officers ordered a retreat.
Business in Argentina also saw the extensive use of helicopter support to the position and extract patrols; 601 Combat Aviation Battalion also suffered low. At about 11:00 on 30 May, an Aerospatiale SA-330 Puma was downed by a shoulder-launched Stinger surface to air missiles (SAM) fired by the SAS in the vicinity of Mount Kent. Six National Gendarmerie Special Forces were killed and eight others were injured in the accident.
As Brigadier Julian Thompson said: "It was fortunate I had ignored the views expressed by Northwood that recognition of Mount Kent before insertion of 42 Commando was superfluous. D Squadron had not been there, the Special Forces Command, Argentina would have caught before landing and in the darkness and confusion in a strange landing zone, inflicted heavy lower in men and helicopters. "
Bluff Cove and Fitzroy
Main article: Bluff Cove Disaster
The abandoned town of RFA Sir Tristram in Fitzroy.
Before June 1, with the arrival of a new British 5,000 troops of the 5th Infantry Brigade, the new British commander of division, General Jeremy Moore, RM, had sufficient strength to begin planning an offensive against Stanley. [Citation] Need
During this accumulation, air strikes Argentine British naval forces continued, killing 56. Of the dead, 32 were from the Welsh Guards in the RFA Sir Galahad and RFA Sir Tristram on 8 June. According to the Surgeon-Commander Jolly Falklands Field Hospital Rick, 150 men suffered burns and injuries of some sort in the attack, including, as you know, Simon Weston.
Guards were sent to support a step running along the southern entrance to Stanley. On 2 June a small advance party of 2 Para Swan moved home from entry into a series of Army Westland Scout helicopters. Telephone before Fitzroy, found the area clear of Argentines and (above authority) commanded the rest of the RAF Chinook helicopter to ferry frantically another contingent of 2 Para in front of Fitzroy (a settlement at Port Pleasant) and Bluff Cove (an agreement to create confusion, and perhaps ultimately fatally, in Port Fitzroy).
This lack of coordination caused nightmares for advance planning of the operation commanders combined, and now they found a 30 miles (48 km) chain of indefensible positions on its southern flank. The aid can not be shipped by air as the only Chinook left and was largely oversubscribed. The soldiers could march, but their equipment and items of need to be transported by sea. Were plans for half of the Welsh Guards to go light on the night of June 2, while the Scots Guards and the second half of the Welsh Guards were to be transported from San Carlos of water in the ship's landing Tristan Logistics (LSL) Sir and dock landing platform (LPD) Intrepid on the evening of June 5. Intrepid was scheduled for stay a day and downloads itself and as much of Sir Tristram as possible, leaving the next night to the relative safety of San Carlos. Escorts would be for this day after that Sir Tristram would be to download a Mexeflote (A raft with an engine) during the time it took to complete.
Political pressure from above to not jeopardize the LPD Commodore Clapp forced to alter this plan. Two LSLS lower value will be sent, but without suitable beaches on which to land, boats Intrepid landing would have to accompany them to download. A complicated operation through several nights with Intrepid and its sister ship Fearless sailing halfway to send their ships was devised. The attempted march by land for half of the Welsh Guards not possibly refused to go light and tried to lead his team. They returned to San Carlos and landed directly in Bluff Cove when Fearless shipped its landing craft. Sir Tristram sailed on the night of June 6 and was joined by Sir Galahad at dawn on 7 June. Anchored 1,200 feet (370 m) away from Port Pleasant, the landing ships were near Fitz Roy, the point of destination.
The landing craft should have been able to unload the ships to that point relatively quickly, but the confusion on the landing ordered (the first half of the Guard goes direct to Bluff Cove) resulted to the senior Welsh Guards infantry officer on board to insist that their troops were moving to far away and directly to Puerto Fitz Roy Cove / Bluff. The alternative was that infantrymen to march through the newly repaired bridge Bluff Cove (combat engineers destroyed by retreating Argentina) to your destination, a journey of about seven miles (11 km).
In the stern ramp Sir Galahad was a discussion about what to do. The officers on board were told they could not sail to Bluff Cove that day. They were told they had to get his men off the ship and the beach as soon as possible, as the boats were vulnerable to enemy aircraft. It would take 20 minutes transport men to the coast by the LCU and Mexeflote. Then you have the option to walk the 7 miles to Bluff Cove or wait until dark to navigate there. The officers on board said they remain on board until nightfall and then sailing. They refused to lead his men from the ship. They, probably, doubted that the bridge had been repaired due to the presence on board Sir Galahad of Troop Real engineer whose job was to repair the bridge. The Welsh Guards were willing to meet with rest of his battalion, which were potentially facing the enemy without their support. That he had not seen any enemy aircraft from landing at San Carlos and could have been more confidence in air defense. Ewen Southby-Tailyour gave a direct order for men to leave the ship and go to the beach. The request was ignored.
The longest journey time of the landing craft taking the troops directly to Bluff Cove and disputes over how the landing was to carry out an enormous delay caused in the discharge. This had consequences disastrous. Without escorts, not having yet established its air defense, and still almost fully charged, the two LSLS in Port Pleasant were sitting targets two waves of Argentina A-4 Skyhawks.
The disaster in Port Pleasant (though often known as Bluff Cove) to give the world some of the more sobering picture of war as a television news video showed Navy helicopters hovering around a dense smoke survivors landing craft in flames. British casualties were 48 dead and 115 wounded. 3 Argentine pilots were also killed. However, the Argentine General Mario Menendez, commander of the Argentine forces in the Falklands was told that 900 British soldiers had died. It is expected that losses would make the enemy's morale to drop and the British assault in the market.
Falling Stanley
British paratroops guard the Argentine POWs cleaning Stanley.
Notable battles:
Battle of Mount Harriet
Battle Mount Longdon
Battle of Wireless Ridge
Battle of Mount Tumbledown
Battle of Two Sisters
On the night of June 11 after several days of recognition thorough and logistical buildup, British forces launched a night attack against the brigade-sized ring strongly defended highlands surrounding Stanley. Units of 3 Commando Brigade, supported by naval gunfire from several Royal Navy ships, while assaulted in the Battle of Mount Harriet, Battle of Two Sisters, and the battle of Monte Longdon. Mount Harriet was taken at a cost of two British and 18 Argentine soldiers. Dos Hermanas, the British faced resistance both enemy and friendly fire, but managed to capture their objectives. The hardest battle was on Mount Longdon. British forces were bogged down by the assault rifle, mortars, machine guns, fire artillery, sniper fire and ambushes. However, the British continued their advance.
During this battle, 13 were killed when HMS Glamorgan, away too near the sea while returning from the line gun, was beaten by an improvised trailer-based launcher made Exocet MM38 destroyer ARA Segu by Argentine experts Navy. On this day, Sergeant Ian McKay of 4 Platoon, B Company, 3 Para killed in a grenade attack on an Argentine bunker which earned him a posthumous Victoria Cross. After a night of intense fighting, all objectives were secured. Both sides suffered heavy losses.
The night June 13, with the start of the second phase of the attacks, which kept the momentum of the initial assault. Paragraph 2, with the support of Wireless Ridge tank captured at the Battle of Wireless Ridge, a loss of three Britons and 25 deaths Argentina, and the second battalion Scots Guards captured Mount Tumbledown at the Battle of Mount Tumbledown, which cost the British 10 killed and the dead Argentines 30.
A pile of discarded weapons in Port Stanley Argentina.
With the last line of natural defense at Mount Tumbledown breached the defenses of the city of Stanley Argentina began to fail. In the morning darkness, a company commander and his subordinates were lost discouraged. Private Santiago Carrizo of the 3rd Regiment described how a platoon commander ordered them to take positions in the houses and "if one is reluctant to Kelper, shoot, but the entire company did nothing of the sort.
The garrison commander of Argentina in Stanley, Brigadier-General Mario Menendez, surrendered General Jeremy Moore. 9800 Argentine troops were made prisoners of war and 4167 some posts under the command of Major Carlos Eduardo Carrizo Salvador, were repatriated to Argentina the liner Canberra alone.
Uruguay Corvette Delivery
On 20 June, the British retook the South Sandwich Islands, (which involved accepting the surrender South of Garrison Thule base Corvette Uruguay) and declared the hostilities to an end. Corvette Uruguay Argentina had established in 1976, but before 1982 the United Kingdom challenged the existence of the base Argentina only through diplomatic channels.
Victims
'Monument to the markets in the Falklands "(Monument the fallen in Malvinas Islands) in Plaza San Martín, Buenos Aires.
The Argentine military cemetery on East Falkland.
San Carlos and the Memorial Cemetery of War, the Falkland Islands.
In total 907 died during the 74 days of the conflict:
Argentina – 649
Argentine Army (Army) – 194 (16 officers, NCO, 35 soldiers, conscripts and 143)
Army of the Republic Argentina (Marina) – 341 (including 321 in Belgrano and four naval aviators)
IMARA (Infantry Marina) – 34
Argentina Air Force (Air Force) – 55 (including 31 pilots and 14 ground staff)
National Gendarmera Argentina (Border Guard) – 7
Argentina Naval Prefecture (Coast Guard) – 2
civilian mariners – 16
United Kingdom – 258
Royal Navy – 86 + 2 launderers Hong Kong (see below)
Royal Marines – 27 (2 officers, noncommissioned officers, 14 marines and 11)
Royal Fleet Auxiliary – 4 + 4 Hong Kong launderers
Merchant Marine – Hong Kong 6 + 2 crew
British Army – 123 (7 officers and 40 soldiers 76)
Royal Air Force – 1 (1 official)
Falkland Islands civilians – 3 (three women killed by "friendly fire")
Of the 86 Royal Navy personnel, 22 were lost in the HMS Ardent, 19 + A loss of HMS Sheffield, 18, one lost in HMS Coventry and 13 lost in HMS Glamorgan. Fourteen naval cooks were among the dead, the largest number from any branch of the Royal Navy.
Thirty killed three British army came from the Welsh Guards, aged 21 from 3 Battalion, the Parachute Regiment, 18 2nd Battalion, Parachute Regiment, 19 Special Air Service (SAS), 3 of the Royal Signals and 8 of each of the Scots Guards and Royal Engineers.
And monuments on the islands, there is a memorial to British war dead in the crypt of St Paul's Cathedral in London. There is a monument in the Plaza San Martin in Buenos Aires for the war dead Argentina, one in Rosario, and a third in Ushuaia.
During the war, British dead were placed in plastic bags and buried in mass graves. After of war, the bodies were removed, taking into account the funeral services, and reburied. Argentine dead were buried on the islands during the war. The United Kingdom offered to send the bodies back to Argentina, but Argentina refused, knowing that the remains to ensure a permanent presence on the islands from Argentina. There is a graveyard for the dead Argentines on the islands.
There were 1,188 Argentine and 777 British casualties nonfatal. More information about hospitals and hospital ships is at Ajax Bay, the list of hospitals and hospital ships of the Royal Navy, HMS Hydra. In the Argentine side next to the Stanley Military Hospital, Air Force Argentina Mobile Field Hospital was deployed to Comodoro Rivadavia and naval vessels Argentina Almirante Irizar ARA and ARA Bahia Paraiso, became hospital ships
Although some have been cleared, a number of minefields still exist in the islands like this in Port William on East Falkland.
There are still 125 uncleared minefields in the Falkland Islands and unexploded ordnance are scattered around the battle field because of the soft peat. According to forcesmemorial.org.uk through the Falklands 25 years, "Official Publication Memorial" 30 British soldiers have died in the islands since the end of hostilities.
See also the ground forces in Argentina and Britain in the Falklands War
Sequelae
Main article: Consequences of the Falklands War
This short war brought many consequences for all parties involved, besides the great loss of life and property.
In the United Kingdom, Margaret Thatcher won the time and support he needed for his economic measures take effect, national pride received a boost of confidence and security, the Royal Navy proved its worth again. Subsequently, the proposed cuts to Nott Royal Navy were abandoned.
Islanders subsequently had restored full British citizenship in 1983, his style of life has improved by investments in Britain after the war and economic liberalization measures that had been stalled fear of angering Argentina. In 1985 a new constitution was promulgated empowerment, which has continued to delegate power to the islanders.
War of Argentina also had an effect on the way to avoid a possible war with Chile and, more importantly, the return of democracy. He had a great social impact, destroying military image as the nation's moral subject that had held for most of the 20 century.
Public Relations
Argentina
Selected correspondents of war were taken regularly to Port Stanley in military aircraft to report on the war. Back in Buenos Aires newspapers and magazines faithfully reported on " heroic actions of the large army of conscripts and their successes. "
Officials of the intelligence services is attached to newspapers and information " leaked "that confirms the government's official communiqus. Magazines bright and Das Seven people rose to sixty pages with color photographs of British warships in flames – many of them false – and false reports eyewitnesses commands Argentine guerrilla war in South Georgia and the May 6 attack Pucar pilot dead at HMS Hermes (Lt. Daniel Antonio Jukic was killed at Goose Green during a British air raid on 1 May). Most actually fake photos came from the tabloids.
Argentine troops in the Falkland Islands Gazette Argentina could read newspaper intended to raise morale among the military. Some of his lies could be easily discovered by the soldiers who were recovering bodies.
The course of the Falklands to the Argentines in a patriotic united which protected the board of criticism, and even opponents of the military government supported Galtieri, Ernesto Sabato said, "Make no mistake, Europe, not a dictatorship Fighting for the Falklands, which is the whole nation. Opponents of the military dictatorship, like me, are struggling to remove the last vestige of colonialism. "Even Mothers of Plaza de Mayo were exposed to death threats from ordinary people.
HMS Invincible sank several times in the press in Argentina, and on 30 April 1982 Argentina Tal Cual magazine showed UK PM Margaret Thatcher with an eye patch and the text: the witch pirate and a murderer. Guilty!
Three British journalists sent to Argentina to cover the war from the "other side" were imprisoned until the end of the war.
United Kingdom
Del Sol "Gotcha" headline.
Seventeen journalists, two photographers, two radio reporters and three TV journalists with five technicians sailed with the Working Group of the war. The Newspaper Publishers Association selected them from among 160 candidates, excluding the foreign media. Due to the hasty departure, no they were all "the right stuff: two reporters aboard HMS Invincible were interested in nothing but the Queen Elizabeth II of England, Andrew son, Prince.
Merchant vessels had civil Inmarsat uplink, allowing telex transmissions and report writing voice through satellite. Canberra had a fax machine used to load 202 images from the South Atlantic during the war. The Royal Navy leased bandwidth in the U.S. Defense satellite communications system for communications worldwide. Television requires a thousand times the speed of phone data, but the Ministry of Defence had no succeeded in convincing the U.S. to allocate more bandwidth. TV producers suspected that the investigation was half, from TV images Vietnam War victims and traumatized soldiers were recognized as having negative propaganda value. However, technology can only upload a single image every 20 minutes – and only if military satellites were allocated 100% to television broadcasts. Videotapes were sent to Ascension Island, where a satellite connection available bandwidth, resulting in television coverage was delayed by three weeks.
The press was very dependent on the Navy Real, and was banned in the hotel. Many reporters in the UK know more about war than those with the Working Group.
The Royal Navy Fleet Street expects to conduct a campaign of World War II-style positive news, but most of the British media, especially the BBC, said the war in a neutral manner. These journalists spoke of "British troops" and "the Argentine troops" instead of "our boys" and dehumanized "locals." The two main tabloids have opposing views: The Daily Mirror was decidedly against the war, while The Sun was made famous for its jingoistic and xenophobic headlines, including the title April 20 "Stick It Up Your Junta!" and was sentenced by the "Gotcha "Owner following the sinking of the ARA General Belgrano.
Cultural Impact
Main article: Impact of Culture of the Falklands War
Home of Newsweek magazine, 19 April 1982. HMS Hermes in the photo.
There was wide-ranging influences on popular culture in the United Kingdom and Argentina, among the immediate postwar until now. Exocet Yomp words and entered the British vernacular as a result of the war. The Falklands War also provided material for theater, film and television and theater output influenced musicians, including (among others), Iron Maiden, Pink Floyd, New Order, Gang of Four, Joe Jackson, Crass, Dire Straits (the song Brothers in Arms was played in memory of dead soldiers), New Model Army, The Levellers Barrio, Steve Dahl, America, the Super Furry Animals and Elvis Costello, whose song "Shipbuilding", sung by Robert Wyatt, reached the British top 40.
See also
Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute
Restoration of the British in the Falklands (1833)
Beagle conflict between Chile and Argentina in 1978
Operation Argentine Planning Sovereign Military against Chile
British logistics in the Falklands War
Air Force Argentina in Falklands War
British air services in the Falklands War
Operation Algeciras a failed plan conceived by the Argentine military to send Montoneros sabotage British military facilities in Gibraltar.
Notes
^ "Falklands 25: Background Report." Ministry of Defence. http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/FactSheets/Falklands25BackgroundBriefing.htm. Retrieved on 01/11/2009.
^:: Ministry of Defence – Republic Argentina:: "(in Spanish). www.mindef.gov.ar. http://www.mindef.gov.ar/veteranos Malvinas.html. Retrieved on 01/11/2009.
^ Location: "War of the Malvinas Islands Malvinas Islands Malvinas alkland SLA (linkback: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falklands_War)
^ Location: "War of the Malvinas South Georgia" l South Georgia and South Sandwich, K (linkback: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falklands_War)
^ ab "Falkland Islands – A history of" conflict of 1982 Raf.mod.uk. Retrieved http://www.raf.mod.uk/falklands/rollofhonour.html 10/01/2004 02/07/2010 ….
Chancery ^ Argentina 11 February 2010
^ National constitution: "The ratification Nacin Argentina legtima Your email About Sovereign imprescriptible Falkland Islands, South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands and the island Tuesday and corresponding spaces, for instance services part of the Homeland "
^ "How London To avoid becoming one of the independents in the Falklands without a state ". Clarin.com. Http://www.clarin.com/suplementos/zona/2007/04/01/z-03415.htm. Asked to 02/07 / 2010.
^ "Argentina – the horrors of a dictatorial past live – Radio Netherlands Worldwide – English" Radionetherlands.nl http://www.radionetherlands.nl/currentaffairs/arg060330mc 30/03/2006 Retrieved 02/07/2010 …..
^ (Spanish) Malvinas, La Trama Secreta. Buenos Aires: Sudamericana / Planeta. 1983. ISBN 9789503700068. [Page needed]
^ "Tena You see that with the awakening of national pride and with another Juan de la Cosa. The Board Altieri ever told me the fight will give Brits Crey. L To Western bean creation itself corrupted. The Brits Tenan no God, that America does bean corrupted … I could never behold convince them not only would a Kensei, In addition they would win. "(" This was neither national pride or anything else. The Board Altieri told me not believe the British answer. He thought that the West was corrupt. That the British people God was not that the U.S. was corrupt … I could never convince the British not only defend but also to win [the war] ") The Nacin / Islands Falkland online. "Haig:." Malvinas was my Waterloo "," # Haig Retrieved September http://www.malvinasonline.com.ar/g82/artic/aresp004.htm 21, 2006 .. . [Dead link] (Spanish)
^ "Ministry for Education, Science and Technology of the nation" (PDF). http://www.me.gov.ar/curriform/publica/sirlin_conv_dictadura.pdf. Retrieved 02.07.2010.
Abc ^ Jimmy Burns: The land that lost its heroes, 1987, Bloomsbury Publishing, ISBN 0-7475-0002-9
^ "''In Buenos Aires, the Board began a study the possibility of occupying Georgia and Falkland Islands "before" that the Brits could be strengthened''. "Portierramaryaire.com. http://www.portierramaryaire.com/arts/malvinas_1.php. Retrieved on 02/07/2010.
^ Briley, Harold (April 9, 1997). "Obituary: Captain Nicholas Barker (Subscription required for online access through periodicals NewsUK website). The Independent: p. 16. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2003&res_dat=xri:pqil:res_ver=0.2&res_id=xri:newsuk&rft_id=xri:newsuk:newsart:36868535. Retrieved on September 23, 2009.
^ "High cost cuts, The | Spectator, The | Find Articles at BNET.com. Findarticles.com. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3724/is_199705/ai_n8781734. Retrieved on 02/07/2010.
^ Margolis, Laura (02/04/2007). "United Kingdom | BBC News As a man picked up the invasion." BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/6514011.stm. Retrieved on 02/07/2010.
Hundred Days ^ Woodward, Admiral Sandy (1992) Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, p.72. ISBN 9781557506511, ISBN 9781557506528. Quoted in the article The Waves: How the British Navy shaped the modern world Herman, a dictionary (2004), Harper, New York, p.560
^ Grimmett, Richard F. (June 1, 1999). "Foreign policy functions The President and the Congress." U.S. State Department. Http: / / fpc.state.gov/6172.htm # President_as_Initiator. Retrieved 24/02/2010.
^ Brown 1987, p. 110
^ ab "Submarine Operations During the Falklands War – Naval War College U.S.." http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA279554. Retrieved on 02/07/2010.
^ "1982: Marines land in southern Georgia." BBC. April 25, 1982. http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/april/25/newsid_2503000/2503977.stm. Retrieved on June 20, 2005.
^ "… To get twenty-one bombs Port Stanley will take about one million one hundred thousand pounds of fuel Matched -. [Sic] about 137,000 gallons That was enough fuel to fly Sea Harrier 260 bombing missions over Port Stanley. That in turn meant more than 1,300 bombs. Interest "On page 186 in Sharkey Ward: Sea Harrier over the Falklands, 1992, Cassell Military Paperbacks, ISBN 0-304-35542-9
^ "The propaganda was of course, later used to try to justify these missions: "The Mirage IIIS is redrawn from southern Argentina to Buenos Aires to add to the defenses after Vulcan raids on the islands. Apparently, the logic behind this statement is that if the volcano could reach Port Stanley, the [sic] Good Aires was well within the range as well and was vulnerable to similar attacks. Never agreed with that nonsense. A lone Vulcan or two running in Buenos Aires without attacking combat support would have been shot to hell in quick time. "-" Mirage IIIs were in evidence near the islands on several occasions during the conflict, either escort the reconnaissance flights Neptune or "interference" I tried to call the attention of the CAP away from air-ground attacks. "-" Suffice it to say that you do not need more than one or two Mirage IIIs to intercept an attack in Buenos Aires Vulcan "-" It would have been much more than a raid Vulcan alone bother to Buenos Aires ", page 247 to 48 Sea Harrier over the Falklands
^ "The offensive air operations of the War of Malvinas ". Globalsecurity.org. Http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/1984/DWF.htm." "As a result of these losses … it was decided to pull the Mirage III in the mainland stood alert for a possible Vulcan attack. "
^ "The Falklands conflict of 1982: Air Defense Fleet ". Globalsecurity.org. http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/1984/HJA.htm." "Finally, the bombing led to attacks Argentines to fear an airstrike on the continent, causing it to retain some of the Mirage aircraft and Roland missiles for defense. ""
^ "The family Mirage "(in Spanish), Aerospace (Fuerza Aérea Argentina), ISSN 0001-9127, http://www.aeroespacio.com.ar/site/anteriores/520-528/520/mirage.htm" " The M Deban III defender of the Argentine continental territory from attacks of the RAF Vulcan bomber, provide fighter escorts for the FAA, and prevent attacks Aircraft of the Royal Navy and RAF over the Malvinas. "
("The M III mainland Argentina defend against possible attacks by the RAF Vulcan bomber, providing escort of fighter-bombers of the FAA, and to avoid attacks by aircraft of the Royal Navy and RAF over the Falkland Islands ".)"
^ "Las Islas Malvinas conflict of 1982: The Fleet Air Defense. "Globalsecurity.org. Http: / / www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/1984/HJA.htm." "Unfortunately, British Secretary of State for Defence announced sometime in Britain did not bomb targets on the Argentine mainland. This statement was received, no doubt, by Argentina's military command, allowing a very limited number of Roland SAM to be deployed around the airfield at Stanley. ""
Rodríguez ^ Mottino, Horacio: The Artillera Argentina in the Falklands. Close Ed. 1985. Page 170
^ "Air Force of Argentina." Fuerzaaerea.mil.ar. Http: / / www.fuerzaaerea.mil.ar/conflicto/caidos/baja01.html. Retrieved 02/07/2010.
^ "News." Madryn.gov.ar. 02.04.2009. http://www.madryn.gov.ar/noticias.php?newsid=3213. Retrieved on 02/07/2010.
^ Sharkey Ward (2003). Sea Harrier over the Falklands. Cassell. ISBN 0-304-35542-9.
^ "Air Force Argentina." Fuerzaaerea.mil.ar. http://www.fuerzaaerea.mil.ar/conflicto/dias/jun01.html. Retrieved on 02/07/2010.
^ "ASN Aircraft accident description Hercules Lockheed C-130H TC-63 -. Pebble Island" Aviation-safety.net http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19820601-0&lang=en Retrieved on 07/02/2010 …
^ Evans, Michael (November 27, 2007). "Underwater and undercover: how nuclear subs frontline defense of the Falklands. "Times Online. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article2950936.ece.
^ Admiral Sandy Woodward, one of the Hundred Days, in page 8. ISBN 9780007134670
^ "The SAS against the Exocet." www.eliteukforces.info. 10.27.2007. http://www.eliteukforces.info/articles/sas-versus-exocets.php # Prof. Retrieved on 02/07/2010.
^ Smith, Michael (March 8, 2002). "'Suicide mission' to end SAS Exocet missiles." http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2002/03/08/nfalk08.xml.
^ Middlebrook, P. 75.
^ The Infantera Marina de la Armada Argentina in the South Atlantic Conflict, ISBN 987-433-641-2
Thatcher in the dark ^ sink Belgrano – Times Online [dead link]
^ Location: "Bomb Alley" a Carlos water, alkland Islands (linkback: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falklands_War # Landing_at_San_Carlos_.E2.80.94_Bomb_Alley)
^ Yates, David (2006). Bomb Alley – Falkland Islands 1982. Pen and the Sword. ISBN 9781844154173. [Page needed]
^ "Latin America | Charles ends Falklands tour on sombre note." BBC. 15.3.1999. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/297414.stm. Retrieved 02/07/2010.
^ Rumley, Leesa (01/06/2007). "Captain Hart Dyke, commander of HMS Coventry''''". BBC. Http: / / news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6705387.stm. Retrieved on 02/07/2010.
Ab ^ Sandy Woodward (2003). Hundred Days: Memories of Battle Group Commander of the Falklands. HarperCollins. ISBN 0-0071-3467-3, ISBN 9781557506511, ISBN 9781557506528 ..
^ "British ships sunk and damaged – Falklands War 1982" Naval history.net http://www.naval-history.net/F62brshipslost.htm Retrieved 02/07/2010 ….
^ Gethin Chamberlain (April 5, 2002). "British forces Might be able to recover the Falklands today?" (Requires subscription services for file access). The Scotsman: p. 12. Archived from the original on April 5, 2002. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2003&res_dat=xri:pqil:res_ver=0.2&res_id=xri:newsuk&rft_id=xri:newsuk:newsart:112991016.
^ "Falklands Conflict: Battles: History." Royal Navy. 02.04.1982. http://www.royal-navy.mod.uk/server/show/nav.3956. Retrieved on 02/07/2010.
^ [May 21/27th: 9 Dagger, 5 A-4C, 3 A-4Q, 3 A-4B and two Pucara]
^ Location: Mount Kent Kent ource, alkland Islands (linkback: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falklands_War # Special_forces_on_Mount_Kent)
^ London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 49134, p. 12,854, October 8, 1982. Retrieved on February 19, 2010.
^ "Aircraft Argentines in the Falklands. "Britains-smallwars.com. http://www.britains-smallwars.com/Falklands/Exocet.html. Retrieved on 02/07/2010.
^ "The Air Force Argentina – Group 5. Skyhawk.org. Http://www.skyhawk.org/2e/argentina/argentina-af4th5th.htm. Retrieved on 02/07/2010.
^ "Super Etendard. Operationcorporate.com. 29.05.2007. http://www.operationco …

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